LVM Thing Provision

The concept of LVM Thin Provision is to create a new size of POOL other than Volume Group (VG) from where you can create very much larger size of Logical volume partition.
Here are few simple steps are given
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We can assume that we have an already created Volume Group of   size 5G
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Note:   For Your reference i am giving you the steps for creating volume group   for example we have a partition name /dev/sda6
=============================================================
[root@desktop80 Desktop]# pvcreate /dev/sda6
Physical volume “/dev/sda6” successfully created
[root@desktop80 Desktop]#
[root@desktop80 Desktop]# vgcreate tvg /dev/sda6
Volume group “tvg” successfully created
[root@desktop80 Desktop]#
[root@desktop80 Desktop]# vgs
VG   #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize VFree
tvg   1   0   0 wz–n- 5.00g   5.00g
tvg1   1   3   0 wz–n- 5.00g 256.00m
vol0   1   4   1 wz–n- 73.22g 13.91g
Step 1:   Now we need to create   a ThinPooL
[root@desktop80 ftp]# lvcreate –size 4500M   –thin tvg/pooL1
Logical volume “pooL1” created
Step 2: Now you can create Much larger size partition than 4500M from PooL named pooL1
[root@desktop80 ftp]# lvcreate -V10G   –name LVMthn1 –thin tvg/pooL1
Logical volume “LVMthn1” created
Step 3:   You can format the partition
[root@desktop80 ftp]# mkfs.ext4   /dev/mapper/tvg-LVMthn1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Discarding device blocks: done
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=16 blocks
655360 inodes, 2621440 blocks
131072 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2684354560
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
Step 4 : Now you can mount and Use LVM
[root@desktop80 ftp]# mkdir /media/LVM
[root@desktop80 ftp]# mount /dev/mapper/tvg-LVMthn1   /media/LVM
Important   : This is very much important to have real size in LVM pooL
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Note : We can also extend the size of LVM
==================================
############# LVM PooL extend ##############
[root@desktop80 ~]# lvextend –size +50M tvg/LVMthn1
Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 52.00 MiB
Extending logical volume LVpooL to 4.74 GiB
Logical volume LVpooL successfully resized

Creating and Restore Backup Using LVM snapshot

Lvm Snapshot is ultimate way for creating a backup of that data which is already present into LVM(Logical Volume Management) devices (LV)-Logical volume.

Example: 1. We have a already created LV(logical volume) from any VG
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of 5GiB/GB size and have copied lots of data for example 4GB

Important :
==========

When you copy or store data it stores in two maners.

i) Data blocks (original data)
ii) metadata pointers (links and location address)

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ THe concept of LVM SnapShot @@@@@@@@@
————————————————————

LVM Snapshot make a link to Original LV(Logical volume)
just like soft link of a file or directory which doesn’t required much size.

So if we have 5GB of LV(logical VOlume) then we can have its metadata upto 10-15% (50MB) and We can create LVM snapshot of 50MB

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Practical :24 hours
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Step 1:
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Mount your LV (logical volume) which you have already created then fill some data.

[root@desktop69 rhel6]# mount /dev/vgcheck/lvm1 /mnt/new

step 2:
=======
copy some data here

[root@desktop69 rhel6]# touch /mnt/new/abd{1..67}
[root@desktop69 rhel6]#cp -rvf /usr/ /mnt/new

Step3 :
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Now take a snapshot of LVM

[root@desktop69 rhel6]#lvcreate -s –size 20M –name lvmsnapshot1 /dev/vgcheck/lvm1

check by using lvs or lvdisplay command

Note: Now you can mount it to access the stored data

Article Source - http://www.rhce.co.in/creating-and-restore-backup-using-lvm-snapshot/

How to enable bash-completion in ubuntu 14.04

1. You need to reinstall bash-completion by using below command

learning@learning:~/Desktop$ sudo apt-get install –reinstall bash-completion

2. Now you need to write it in .bashrc file like below given at very last line

learning@learning:~/Desktop$ sudo vim /root/.bashrc

if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ] && ! shopt -oq posix; then

. /etc/bash_completion

fi

 

Article Source - http://www.rhce.co.in/how-to-enable-bash-completion-in-ubuntu-14-04/

RHCE Exam Objectives

RHCE exam candidates should be able to accomplish the following without assistance. These have been grouped into several categories.

System Configuration and Management

• Route IP traffic and create static routes
• Use iptables to implement packet filtering and configure network address translation (NAT)
• Use /proc/sys and sysctl to modify and set kernel run-time parameters
• Configure system to authenticate using Kerberos
• Build a simple RPM that packages a single file
• Configure a system as an iSCSI initiator that persistently mounts an iSCSI target
• Produce and deliver reports on system utilization (processor, memory, disk, and network)
• Use shell scripting to automate system maintenance tasks
• Configure a system to log to a remote system
• Configure a system to accept logging from a remote system

Network Services

Network services are an important subset of the exam objectives. RHCE candidates should be capable of meeting the following objectives for each of the network services listed below:

• Install the packages needed to provide the service
• Configure SELinux to support the service
• Configure the service to start when the system is booted
• Configure the service for basic operation
• Configure host-based and user-based security for the service

RHCE candidates should also be capable of meeting the following objectives associated with specific services:

HTTP/HTTPS

• Configure a virtual host
• Configure private directories
• Deploy a basic CGI application
• Configure group-managed content

DNS

• Configure a caching-only name server
• Configure a caching-only name server to forward DNS queries
• Note: Candidates are not expected to configure master or slave name servers

FTP

• Configure anonymous-only download

NFS

• Provide network shares to specific clients
• Provide network shares suitable for group collaboration

SMB

• Provide network shares to specific clients
• Provide network shares suitable for group collaboration

SMTP

• Configure a mail transfer agent (MTA) to accept inbound email from other systems
• Configure an MTA to forward (relay) email through a smart host

 To know more about the RHCE Training in Jaipur. please visit on - LinuxWorld Informatics pvt. ltd

 

 

SSH

 

• Configure key-based authentication
• Configure additional options described in documentation                

Reference:

https://www.redhat.com/certification/rhce/objectives/

Managing Partition in Linux using Parted

Parted is another utility  for managing  hard in linux based os

Step 1:-  To check number of partition  in a hard disk
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[root@desktop12 ~]# parted  /dev/sda print  
Model: ATA ST3160812AS (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 160GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system     Flags
 1      1049kB  538MB   537MB   primary   ext4            boot
 2      538MB   79.2GB  78.6GB  primary                   lvm
 3      79.2GB  79.7GB  537MB   primary   linux-swap(v1)
 4      79.7GB  160GB   80.3GB  extended
 5      79.7GB  82.9GB  3221MB  logical
 6      82.9GB  137GB   53.7GB  logical
 7      137GB   137GB   105MB   logical   ext3
 8      137GB   137GB   524MB   logical   ext4
 9      137GB   138GB   524MB   logical   ext4
10      138GB   140GB   2147MB  logical   ext4
11      140GB   140GB   105MB   logical
12      140GB   140GB   41.9MB  logical
13      140GB   141GB   524MB   logical
14      141GB   143GB   2147MB  logical   ext4

OR
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[root@desktop12 ~]# parted  /dev/sda 
GNU Parted 2.1
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) print                                                            
Model: ATA ST3160812AS (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 160GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system     Flags
 1      1049kB  538MB   537MB   primary   ext4            boot
 2      538MB   79.2GB  78.6GB  primary                   lvm
 3      79.2GB  79.7GB  537MB   primary   linux-swap(v1)
 4      79.7GB  160GB   80.3GB  extended
 5      79.7GB  82.9GB  3221MB  logical
 6      82.9GB  137GB   53.7GB  logical
 7      137GB   137GB   105MB   logical   ext3

Step 2: To show create  a new  logical partition 
===================================================

Inside your  hard disk create partition of  2GB

(parted) mkpart  logical  143GB   145GB

Note: quit to exit from partition table

fire partx command to 
[root@desktop12 ~]# partx  -a /dev/sda

step 3: create file system  of desired format 
=============================================

[root@desktop12 ~]# mkfs.vfat   /dev/sda15

step 4: Now mount your partition 
=================================
[root@desktop12 ~]# mkdir  /media/kkk
[root@desktop12 ~]# mount  /dev/sda15  /media/kkk

Now you can save your data and can also made entry in /etc/fstab to make this partition persistance

Article Source - http://www.rhce.co.in/managing-partition-in-linux-using-parted/ 

Red Hat Certification Training and Red Hat Linux Certification

As increasing numbers of companies migrate to Open Source to reduce IT cost, the need for qualified IT professionals is on the rise. Red Hat enables IT professionals to extend their skill set enabling maximum performance and opportunity.

Whether you need to train a team of IT professionals, or just yourself, Red Hat offers a variety of courses, delivery and customization options to allow for maximize ROI. In those Linux is one. The Red Hat Linux Certification is a week-long course, provides intensive system administration training enabling participants to develop the skills they need to effectively administer Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Participants learn to properly manage a Linux workstation or server, including installation and configuration of local components and services as well as connections to existing network services. This Linux Certification is the fastest-growing credential in all of Linux openings in the market. It's the best first step in establishing Linux credentials. Choose this path as an initial certification when transitioning from a non-UNIX/Linux environment. A Linux certification is earned by a Red Hat Certified System Administrator to person is one who has demonstrated the knowledge, skill, and ability required of a senior system administrator. Professionals holding this certification have continually helped their companies with successful deployments and migrations.

This offers two certifications for Linux involving system administration: the Red Hat Certified Technician (RHCT) and the Red Hat Certified Engineer (RCHE) certifications. RHCT is a performance-based test that measures actual competence on live systems. RHCT is the first step in establishing Linux credentials and is an ideal certification for those transitioning from non-UNIX/Linux environments. RHCE is a performance-based test that measures actual competency on live systems. Called the "crown jewel of Linux certifications," RHCE proves an individual's ability to configure networking services and security on servers running a Red Hat OS. RHCE was recently named the hottest certification in all of IT by CertCities.com.

For getting the red hat Linux certification, first of all you should have well knowledge in Linux course. For this you should select a well named training center for Linux training. In today scenario of IT field no. of institutes are established for offering Linux training. In those we have to choose the best one in the point of time, subject, and money. Through an integrated learning approach that ensures new knowledge to real life applications, the centers deliver a full range of technology and business skills training. Starting from basic application desktop productivity tools to complex IT systems it has all the solutions. Those institutes are positioned to offer the latest curriculum delivered by certified instructors to keep you on the cutting edge of technology & certifications. Whether you are searching for an answer for the complex training needs of a large multi-location business or an individual seeking the skills to excel in a new or expanding career path, many centers comes to your integrated learning solution.

he IT companies hiring professionals who has this Linux Certification in the increasing ratio when compares to other persons in the market. Also they have well reorganization in the market and they earn good scale. If you also wish to get a good career in Linux environment, first you will step into it by choosing a good Linux training center and then you clear your way in to certification exams. Those training and certifications are give you more weight to your career in this field. We wish that you would start your career in a better way in your dream field compared to others. Wish you all the best

Linux - Open Source Operating System

At the heart of all software is source code - the programs that perform basic functions. With open source software, this code is protected by a special license that ensures everyone has access to that code. That means no one company can fully own it. Freedom means choice. Choice means power.

That's why we believe open source is inevitable. It returns control to the customer. You can see the code, change it, and learn from it. Bugs are quickly found and quickly fixed. And when customers don't like how one vendor is serving them, they can choose another without overhauling their infrastructure. No more technology lock-in. No more monopolies.

We believe the open source model builds higher quality, more secure, more easily integrated software. And it does it at a vastly accelerated pace - often at a lower cost.

Open source spans platforms, middleware and applications. From data center to desktop. We help enterprises take full advantage of the capability and cost savings of open source-letting them do more with the technology they already have.

The subscription model allows Red Hat to have a mutually beneficial, cyclical relationship with customers:
Deliver new technology as soon as it's available.

Provide unlimited support at no additional cost.
And finally, the feedback we get from regularly working with you helps us deliver better technology tomorrow.

The benefits of choosing Red Hat
Red Hat is a leading contributor to the development of open source software. In fact, as noted by a couple of recent surveys, Red Hat is the leading corporate contributor to the most important open source project of all, the Linux kernel. Because Red Hat is the largest corporate contributor to the kernel, and able to influence features and strategy, this is an area where Red Hat is well-positioned.

A huge ecosystem of hardware and software partners offers both services and certified solutions, in collaboration with the industry leader. This powerful combination provides:

Thousands of certified applications from Independent Software Vendors (ISVs)
  Hundreds of certified hardware systems and peripherals from leading OEM vendors, spanning multiple processor architectures

Comprehensive service offerings with up to 24x7 support and a 1-hour response time, available from Red Hat and selected ISV/OEM partners

Excellent performance, security, scalability, and availability, with audited industry benchmarks
Open source technologies that are rigorously tested and matured through the Red Hat-sponsored Fedora project.

Quantum is proud to announce its partnership with Red Hat for much in demand RedHat certified Engineer (RHCE) and RedHat certified System Administrator (RHCSA) programs. These certifications provide demonstrated knowledge, skill and ability required to handle the Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems.